From genes to growth: The science behind miniature apple trees

Apple farming heavily relies on dwarfing rootstocks like M9 for high-density planting and improved fruit quality. However, the exact mechanisms behind the dwarfing effect remain unclear. Previous studies have indicated that dwarfing traits are complex and involve multiple genetic factors. Based on these challenges, there is a need for an in-depth investigation to uncover the molecular basis of dwarfing in apple rootstocks.